Macromolecules

All liveing matter are composed of the following four types of macromolecules:

1)DNA

2)Carbohydrates

3)Lipids

4)Proteins

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acids)

-Main purpos: stores genentic material for inheritance, replication, protein synthesisand reproduction.
 -It is a long complex chain, polymer,  made up of a nitrogenous base five-carbon sugar and a phosphate group.
- five nitrogenous bases: adnine, guanine, thymine, uracil, and cytosine (A,T,C,G)
-contains phosphodiester bonds, hydrogen bonds, and glycosyl bonds.
-functional groups are: carboxyl group and hydroxyl group


Carbohydrates

-most common organic materials on Earth.
-formula: (CH₂O)_n 
-made up of sugars and their polymers. (OH) group on carbon.
-essential for energy storage and support and structure. Also an energy source for plants and animals.
1) Monosacchride:  (5-6 Carbons)
         -simpleast carbohydrates
         -has linear struture, but through condnsation the chain froms cyclic structures and produce water.
         -Aldose:  has aldehyde funtional group.
                        C=O on the end of the polymer.
         - Ketose:  has keytone functional group.
                        R-C=O on second or the middle of the polymer.
         - glcose and galactose -> form hexagonl rings due to its aldehyde structres)
         -fructose -> forms a pentagonal ring because of its keytone structure.
2) Disacchrides:  
         -two sugars   
         -two types of monosaccharides are covalently linked.
         - maltose (glucose + glucose)
         -sucrose (glucose + frotose)
         -lactose (glactose + glucose)
3) Polysacchride: 
         -forms when thousands of monosaccharide subunites are linked together.        
         -Amylose: (starch) (1-4) linkage
         -Amylopectine:  both (1-4) and (1-6) linkages
         -Glycogen (1-6) linkage
4) Oliaosacchride:  
         -Lectins and selectins



Lipids

-Fats (tryglyceride), Steroids and Phospholipids
-fats: made up of glycerol molecule
-saturated: no double covalent bonds b/w the carbon of the fatty acides. Also has linear structure. (e.g.butter)
-Unsacturated: has ouble bonds with kink. (e.g. margarine)
-phospholipids: bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The phosphate goup is polar whereas the strands are hydrophobic.
-steriods: eg. cholesterol
-Lipids: good source of energy,and membrane structure, hormones, vitamins.



Proteins

-Numerous different functions and shapes.
1) Primary: the sequence of amino acides linked together by amio group and carboxyl group.
                -peptide linkage.
2)Secondary: Hydrogen bond.
               -bends into alpha helix (coil) or beta sheet (plaitedsheet)
3)Teritary: Combine both coil and sheets. (interactions b/w amino acid side chains) 
                -both ionic and covalent bonds. (Vander wall)
4)Quaternary: more than one teritary linkages come together.
               - combination of more than one proteins.