All liveing matter are composed of the following four types of macromolecules:
1)DNA
2)Carbohydrates
3)Lipids
4)Proteins
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acids)
-Main purpos: stores genentic material for inheritance, replication, protein synthesisand reproduction.
-It is a long complex chain, polymer, made up of a nitrogenous base five-carbon sugar and a phosphate group.
- five nitrogenous bases: adnine, guanine, thymine, uracil, and cytosine (A,T,C,G)
-contains phosphodiester bonds, hydrogen bonds, and glycosyl bonds.
-functional groups are: carboxyl group and hydroxyl group
Carbohydrates
-most common organic materials on Earth.
-formula: (CH2O)n
-made up of sugars and their polymers. (OH) group on carbon.
-essential for energy storage and support and structure. Also an energy source for plants and animals.
1) Monosacchride: (5-6 Carbons)
-simpleast carbohydrates
-has linear struture, but through condnsation the chain froms cyclic structures and produce water.
-Aldose: has aldehyde funtional group.
C=O on the end of the polymer.
- Ketose: has keytone functional group.
R-C=O on second or the middle of the polymer.
- glcose and galactose -> form hexagonl rings due to its aldehyde structres)
-fructose -> forms a pentagonal ring because of its keytone structure.
2) Disacchrides:
-two sugars
-two types of monosaccharides are covalently linked.
- maltose (glucose + glucose)
-sucrose (glucose + frotose)
-lactose (glactose + glucose)
3) Polysacchride:
-forms when thousands of monosaccharide subunites are linked together.
-Amylose: (starch) (1-4) linkage
-Amylopectine: both (1-4) and (1-6) linkages
-Glycogen (1-6) linkage
4) Oliaosacchride:
-Lectins and selectins
Lipids
-Fats (tryglyceride), Steroids and Phospholipids
-fats: made up of glycerol molecule
-saturated: no double covalent bonds b/w the carbon of the fatty acides. Also has linear structure. (e.g.butter)
-Unsacturated: has ouble bonds with kink. (e.g. margarine)
-phospholipids: bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The phosphate goup is polar whereas the strands are hydrophobic.
-steriods: eg. cholesterol
-Lipids: good source of energy,and membrane structure, hormones, vitamins.
Proteins
-Numerous different functions and shapes.
1) Primary: the sequence of amino acides linked together by amio group and carboxyl group.
-peptide linkage.
2)Secondary: Hydrogen bond.
-bends into alpha helix (coil) or beta sheet (plaitedsheet)
3)Teritary: Combine both coil and sheets. (interactions b/w amino acid side chains)
-both ionic and covalent bonds. (Vander wall)
4)Quaternary: more than one teritary linkages come together.
- combination of more than one proteins.
